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R $/nailon/  software for online analysis of prosody Interspeech 2006 special session: The prosody of turn-taking and dialog acts September 20, 2006+ "ttt*ttttttttt tttNJens Edlund & Mattias Heldner KTH Speech, Music and Hearing, Stockholm, Sweden0O0 !:How is our work situated with respect to the wider field?0;) We investigate conversation with a view to improving the efficiency of identifying relevant places at which a machine can legitimately begin to talk to a human interlocutor /nailon/  our software for online analysis of prosody  is an important tool in these interaction control studies Basic research about human behaviour, potentially giving insights into the social dynamics of human interaction Motivated by a wish to improve the interaction control (including the timing) in spoken dialogue systems Automatic online methods based on acoustic information only Progress is gauged relative to current dialogue systems*s M @ S  7P $$((,,00a4488Q<<@@DD HHLLPPTTXX\\7``dd#Interaction controlRegulate the flow of information between interlocutors (speakers and listeners) to make it proceed smoothly and efficiently Collaborative effort where interlocutors continuously monitor various aspects of each other s behaviour in order to make decisions about turn-taking and feedback Interaction control includes, for example, what the speaker does to keep the floor, i.e. turn-keeping or to hand over the floor, i.e. turn-yielding how the listener finds suitable places to take the floor or to give feedback to the speakerV|  @)    - $$((,,00+4488 <<@@DD HHLL PP TTXX\\``)ddhh llppttxx%)Features relevant for interaction control*)Auditory Silent pauses Intonation patterns Lengthening patterns Creaky voice Vocal tract configuration (open/closed) Visual Nods Glances Mimicry Gestures Structural (in)completeness Semantic Pragmatic Syntactict l        $$'((,,004488<<@@DDHHLLPPTTXX\\ ``dd hhll'Current dialogue systems...  ...use silence. VAD, SAD, EOU, EOS, EPD... ...are all basically silence duration thresholds Typical threshold values: 500 ms  2000 ms @\ @   $$((,,004488<<*@@DD)Human speakers......frequently pause before they are finished  for example when hesitating  these pauses are often longer than 2000 msP-K @, ,+ %Humans talking to dialogue systems...&%...will get long response times (500 ms - 2000 ms), but... ...will also run the risk of being interrupted! In addition, they will also be misunderstood more often, as the system s speech understanding is likely to be impaired by badly segmented input;  #  $$c((,,- How to improve the situation?<Increase the silence duration thresholds even more to reduce the number of interruptions  at the cost of even longer response times??? No! The proportion of unfinished utterances remains virtually unchanged with increased thresholds... Add more relevant features! We have tried making prosodic features, and in particular intonation patterns before silences, available to spoken dialogue systems through /nailon/  @ @d  $$((,,.d/nailon/  software for online analysis of prosody63+ \Segmentation: speech vs. silence, and pseudo syllables Captures silence durations; voicing; intensity and pitch; with online normalisation (pitch and intensity) and incremental analyses Classification of intonation patterns within psyllables before silences All processing is online in the sense of relying on past and present information only  /nailon/ is a phonetic anagram of online... Adds online and real-time abilities to the ESPS get_f0 function in the Snack Sound Toolkit Scripted in Tcl/Tk. Performs in real-time, with a small and constant latency, footprint and flexible processor usage, on a standard windows PC (ought to run on Mac OS X and Linux too, but not tested yet)7x @6 GY% $$Z((,,0044<88<</ ZCan /nailon/ be used to improve the interaction control in spoken dialogue systems? Method6[O Swedish Map task dialogues (1 hour) Automatic segmentation into pause bounded units  IPUs Automatic classification of transitions from one IPU to another into speaker changes and speaker holds Automatic extraction of intonation patterns from the region immediately before the IPU boundary (i.e. the silence) using /nailon/ Turn-taking decisions using intonation patterns Evaluation of turn-taking decisions with respect to the speaker change vs. speaker hold classification$ #2  E   $$z((,,0044/88<=Shows the actual turn of events in the dialogue Is a direct reflection of the interlocutors behaviour Ensures that speaker changes and speaker holds were perceived as such by the interlocutors Does not show how things must be by necessity! A speaker hold may be a suitable place to give a contribution except one where the other simply refrained from saying something A speaker change may be an unsuitable place to give a contribution if the speaker was interrupted Makes no distinction between  turns and backchannels An appropriate place for a backchannel may not be appropriate for any other contributions than backchannels>0 / @ 6 @l  6Z $$((,,004488<? @ A B C DEFGHIJ2 0` 33>?" dd@*^?" dd@ttt n?" dd@   @@``P4` p>4aN0 ~(    <xpppp1 ?X h(  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!      Bpppp1 ?@h   B Click to edit Master title style!B  s *Έ ? 33  Title & Subtitle@ 0` 33>?" dd@*n?" dtttd@ttt(@ n?" dd@   @@``P4` p>4aN0 ~ (    BPpppp1 ?h@  B Click to edit Master title style!  <Tpppp1 ?h  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!    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33 0aN0  (  FB  S Dh~  s *؃ph@     s *ȋph   B  s *Έ ? 33Z 0aN0  ))t(  FB  S Dh  s *Ch@   QQXr   # #"  T@.8c8c8c8c?___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Bold$ bGiver channel: ($   ZЬppppW?x___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ X [...] Speech" ( $  ZppppW?x___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ jLong enough silent pause [...]"($  N8c8c8c8c?___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ N"($   Ndpppp?x___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ D"($   Tpppp?x___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ OICI"($   Npppp?___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ D"($   T8c8c8c8c? ___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Bold$ eFollower channel: ($    ZppppЗ? ___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ j[...] Long enough silent pause"($   ZppppЗ? ___PPTMac11 4namd,Helvetica Neue Light$ X Speech [...]" ( $TB  c $8c ?TB  c $8c ?xTB  c $8c ?TB  c $8c ?TB  c $8c ? TB  c $8c ?xxTB  c $8c ?xxTB  c $8c ?TB  c $8c ? TB  c $8c ?xTB  c $8c ?TB  c $8c ?TB  c $8c ?xTB  c $8c ?xTB  c $8c ?TB  c $8c ? TB  c $8c ?xTB  c $8c ?xTB   c $8c ?  TB ! c $8c ?  TB " c $8c ?  TB # c $8c ?TB $ c $8c ?TB % c $8c ? TB & c $8c ?TB ' c $8c ?TB ( c $8c ?B ) s *Έ ? 33 0aN0  (  FB  S Dh~  s *<ph@     s *05ph   B  s *Έ ? 330 C(  8     S Z ? 0  ___PPTMac11ph 0namd( Lucida Grande 0namd( Lucida Grande How is our work situated with respect to the wider field? Compare the research methods we chose to those used by the others in the session.H  0޽h ? 33 0 D < 0(  8    \ S o ? 0  ___PPTMac11h` ,namd$ Helvetica ,namd$ Helvetica X"Som vi frskte visa i frra bilden r interaktionskontroll mer n bara turtagning. Interaktionskontroll behvs fr att reglera informationsfldet mellan talare och lyssnare. Vi ser interaktionskontroll som ett samarbete mellan deltagarna i samtalet och menar att bde talaren och lyssnare kontinuerligt bidrar till eller deltar i interaktionskontrollen genom att observera beteendet hos motparten och genom att sjlv  bete sig. I interaktionskontrollen ingr allts det som talaren gr fr att behlla ordet eller fr att lmna ver ordet och det som lyssnaren gr fr att hitta lmpliga stllen att ta ver ordet eller fr att ge terkoppling. I detta sammanhang kan det vara p sin plats att nmna att det ofta r svrt att avgra om ett yttrande r en tur eller en terkoppling.H  0޽h ? 330 MEP(  8    e S ؀ ? 0  ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica Om man gr till litteraturen finns en mngd olika akustiska, visella och strukturella egenskaper omnmda som viktiga fr interaktionskontrollen. Det hr r de vanligast frekommande dragen. I dialogsystems- och taligenknningssammanhang (som r i fokus i vr underskning) har dock huvudsakligen ett av dessa drag anvnts, nmligen tystnader eller tysta pauser. S drfr ska vi prata lite mer om tysnader... efter att ni lyssnat p ett exempel ur det material vi jobbat med.H  0޽h ? 33~0 >6p(  8    V S l ? 0  ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica Dagens dialogsystem anvnder sig av tystnad. De kommersiella systemen likvl som de allra flesta forskningssystemen anvnder tystnad. Alla dom hr frkortningarna som man stter p i dialogsystems- och taligenknningssammanhang (voice activity detection, speech activity detection, end of utterance, end of speech, end point detection) r i grund och botten tystnadsdurationstrsklar. Dom trskelvrden som brukar anvndas ligger mellan 500 ms och 2 sekunder. H  0޽h ? 33Y0 (  8    1 S $ ? 0  ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica Som ni sg i exemplet nyss pauserar mnniskor dremot svl nr de r frdiga som mitt i yttranden, t ex vid tvekningar. Dom hr pauserna r ofta lngre n 2 sekunder.H  0޽h ? 33A 0 (  8     S 3 ? 0  ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica S vad hnder om en mnniska kommer och beter sig mnskligt (och pauserar inom yttranden) nr han eller hon pratar med ett dialogsystem som anvnder sig av tystnadstrsklar? Dels fr hon lnga responstider - 2 sekunder r en vldigt lng tid i vissa sammanhang, t ex om man vntar p ett hej som svar p ett hej... Men det slutar inte dr, anvndarna lper dessutom risk att bli avbrutna, eller hur?H  0޽h ? 33,0 0|(  8     S } ? 0  ___PPTMac11 0namd( Lucida Grande xA few words about where we expect the study of prosody-and-turn-taking to be in 5 or 10 years, and how we can get there.yyH  0޽h ? 33 0 (  X  C      S  0    H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.pi8  0 (  X  C    2  S  52 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 (  X  C    2  S <2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8  0 (  X  C    2  S B2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 (  X  C    2  S I2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8  0  (  X  C    2  S K2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 0(  X  C    2  S T2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 @ (   X   C    2   S Z2 0  2  H   0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 P(  X  C    2  S U2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 `(  X  C    2  S td2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8  0 p(  X  C    2  S \k2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 (  X  C    2  S Dr2 0  2  H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0  (   X   C    2   S ,y2 0  2  H   0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 $(  $X $ C    2 $ S z2 0  2  H $ 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.`m8r,8rؚhİxο&Zxjn r'v1:zDS&VAhEj^O(mS"yyX3[H #`ZNaM?MWckegikmoqs vx3zG|[~XoJ1y( S <՜.+,D՜.+,    2Customjd 3Helvetica Neue LightHelvetica NeueVerdanaLucida Grande Courier New HelveticaTitle & SubtitleTitle & BulletsTitle - Center"Photo - 2 Up Portrait & LandscapePhoto - 2 Up PortraitPhoto - 3 Up Portrait Photo - BigTitle, Bullets & Photo Photo - 3 UpTitle & Bullets - LeftTitle & Bullets - RightBulletsPhoto - 2 Up LandscapeTitle & Bullets - 2 ColumnBlankPhoto - VerticalPhoto - Horizontal Photo - 4 UpTitle & BulletsTitle & Bullets copyTitle & Bullets copy 1Title & Bullets copy 2Title & Bullets copy 3Title & Bullets copy 4Title & Bullets copy 5Title & Bullets copy 6Title & Bullets copy 7Title & Bullets copy 8Title & Bullets copy 9/nailon/ software for online analysis of prosody Interspeech 2006 special session: The prosody of turn-taking and dialog acts September 20, 2006;How is our work situated with respect to the wider field?Interaction control*Features relevant for interaction controlCurrent dialogue systems... Human speakers...&Humans talking to dialogue systems...How to improve the situation?3/nailon/ software for online analysis of prosody[Can /nailon/ be used to improve the interaction control in spoken dialogue systems? MethodDetail: Turn-taking decisions%Does /nailon/ improve the situation? Current work)Prosody and turn-taking in 5 to 10 years(/nailon/ will be made freely available.Thank you for your attention!  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles 8@ _PID_HLINKSApmailto:edlund@speech.kth.se#_s 0Jens EdlundJens Edlund՜.+,D՜.+,    2Customjd 3Helvetica Neue LightHelvetica NeueVerdanaLucida Grande Courier New HelveticaTitle & SubtitleTitle & BulletsTitle - Center"Photo - 2 Up Portrait & LandscapePhoto - 2 Up PortraitPhoto - 3 Up Portrait Photo - BigTitle, Bullets & Photo Photo - 3 UpTitle & Bullets - LeftTitle & Bullets - RightBulletsPhoto - 2 Up LandscapeTitle & Bullets - 2 ColumnBlankPhoto - VerticalPhoto - Horizontal Photo - 4 UpTitle & BulletsTitle & Bullets copyTitle & Bullets copy 1Title & Bullets copy 2Title & Bullets copy 3Title & Bullets copy 4Title & Bullets copy 5Title & Bullets copy 6Title & Bullets copy 7Title & Bullets copy 8Title & Bullets copy 9/nailon/ software for online analysis of prosody Interspeech 2006 special session: The prosody of turn-taking and dialog acts September 20, 2006;How is our work situated with respect to the wider field?Interaction control*Features relevant for interaction controlCurrent dialogue systems... Human speakers...&Humans talking to dialogue systems...How to improve the situation?3/nailon/ software for online analysis of prosody[Can /nailon/ be used to improve the interaction control in spoken dialogue systems? MethodDetail: Turn-taking decisions%Does /nailon/ improve the situation? Current work)Prosody and turn-taking in 5 to 10 years(/nailon/ will be made freely available.Thank you for your attention!  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!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 4namd,Helvetica Neue Boldsss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 4namd,Helvetica Neue Boldsss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 4namd,Helvetica Neue Boldsss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 4namd,Helvetica Neue Boldsss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss 0namd(Helvetica Neuesss ___PPT10 pp D                        ,   \      \   |                                      ___PPT9/ 0<< \          <      <  0 < 0<<? )F $/nailon/  software for online analysis of prosody Interspeech 2006 special session: The prosody of turn-taking and dialog acts September 20, 2006+ "ttt*ttttttttt tttNJens Edlund & Mattias Heldner KTH Speech, Music and Hearing, Stockholm, Sweden0O0 !:How is our work situated with respect to the wider field?0;) We investigate conversation with a view to improving the efficiency of identifying relevant places at which a machine can legitimately begin to talk to a human interlocutor /nailon/  our software for online analysis of prosody  is an important tool in these interaction control studies Basic research about human behaviour, potentially giving insights into the social dynamics of human interaction Motivated by a wish to improve the interaction control (including the timing) in spoken dialogue systems Automatic online methods based on acoustic information only Progress is gauged relative to current dialogue systems*s M @ S  7P $$((,,00a4488Q<<@@DD HHLLPPTTXX\\7``dd#Interaction controlRegulate the flow of information between interlocutors (speakers and listeners) to make it proceed smoothly and efficiently Collaborative effort where interlocutors continuously monitor various aspects of each other s behaviour in order to make decisions about turn-taking and feedback Interaction control includes, for example, what the speaker does to keep the floor, i.e. turn-keeping or to hand over the floor, i.e. turn-yielding how the listener finds suitable places to take the floor or to give feedback to the speakerV|  @)    - $$((,,00+4488 <<@@DD HHLL PP TTXX\\``)ddhh llppttxx%)Features relevant for interaction control*)Auditory Silent pauses Intonation patterns Lengthening patterns Creaky voice Vocal tract configuration (open/closed) Visual Nods Glances Mimicry Gestures Structural (in)completeness Semantic Pragmatic Syntactict l        $$'((,,004488<<@@DDHHLLPPTTXX\\ ``dd hhll'Current dialogue systems...  ...use silence. VAD, SAD, EOU, EOS, EPD... ...are all basically silence duration thresholds Typical threshold values: 500 ms  2000 ms @\ @   $$((,,004488<<*@@DD)Human speakers......frequently pause before they are finished  for example when hesitating  these pauses are often longer than 2000 msP-K @, ,+ %Humans talking to dialogue systems...&%...will get long response times (500 ms - 2000 ms), but... ...will also run the risk of being interrupted! In addition, they will also be misunderstood more often, as the system s speech understanding is likely to be impaired by badly segmented input;  #  $$c((,,- How to improve the situation?<Increase the silence duration thresholds even more to reduce the number of interruptions  at the cost of even longer response times??? No! The proportion of unfinished utterances remains virtually unchanged with increased thresholds... Add more relevant features! We have tried making prosodic features, and in particular intonation patterns before silences, available to spoken dialogue systems through /nailon/  @ @d  $$((,,.d/nailon/  software for online analysis of prosody63+ \Segmentation: speech vs. silence, and pseudo syllables Captures silence durations; voicing; intensity and pitch; with online normalisation (pitch and intensity) and incremental analyses Classification of intonation patterns within psyllables before silences All processing is online in the sense of relying on past and present information only  /nailon/ is a phonetic anagram of online... Adds online and real-time abilities to the ESPS get_f0 function in the Snack Sound Toolkit Scripted in Tcl/Tk. Performs in real-time, with a small and constant latency, footprint and flexible processor usage, on a standard windows PC (ought to run on Mac OS X and Linux too, but not tested yet)7x @6 GY% $$Z((,,0044<88<</ ZCan /nailon/ be used to improve the interaction control in spoken dialogue systems? Method6[O Swedish Map task dialogues (1 hour) Automatic segmentation into pause bounded units  IPUs Automatic classification of transitions from one IPU to another into speaker changes and speaker holds Automatic extraction of intonation patterns from the region immediately before the IPU boundary (i.e. the silence) using /nailon/ Turn-taking decisions using intonation patterns Evaluation of turn-taking decisions with respect to the speaker change vs. speaker hold classification$ #2  E   $$z((,,0044/88<? @ A B C DE> 0` 33>?" dd@+^?" dd@ttt n?" dd@   @@``P4` p>4aN0 ((    Bxmmmm1 ?X h(  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!      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33  0aN0 >6(  FB  S Dh   0mh@      0xmh<$D0   B  s *Έ ? 33___PPT10.+SSD' = @B DI' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'M%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Mm%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*m%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(+8+0+0 +:  0aN0  @8(  FB  S Dh   0mh@      0ߖmh<$D0   T(B  s *Έ ? 33vn___PPT10N.+sD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.%(Ds' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.N%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*N%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Dk%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*k%(+8+0+0 +\  0aN0 :2 (  FB  S Dh   0`mh@      0Tmh<$D0  B  s *Έ ? 33  ___PPT10 .+QD* ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +h 0aN0 @(  FB  S D h    0m@h       0mX h(  B  s *Έ ? 33 0aN0 &P(     0( m ! h   B  s *Έ ? 330 W(  F  ,    c $Z ?   ___PPTMac11ph 0namd( Lucida Grande 0namd( Lucida Grande How is our work situated with respect to the wider field? Compare the research methods we chose to those used by the others in the session.H  0χg ? 33 0 X P 0(  F  ,   b c $o ?   ___PPTMac11h` ,namd$ Helvetica ,namd$ Helvetica X"Som vi frskte visa i frra bilden r interaktionskontroll mer n bara turtagning. Interaktionskontroll behvs fr att reglera informationsfldet mellan talare och lyssnare. Vi ser interaktionskontroll som ett samarbete mellan deltagarna i samtalet och menar att bde talaren och lyssnare kontinuerligt bidrar till eller deltar i interaktionskontrollen genom att observera beteendet hos motparten och genom att sjlv  bete sig. I interaktionskontrollen ingr allts det som talaren gr fr att behlla ordet eller fr att lmna ver ordet och det som lyssnaren gr fr att hitta lmpliga stllen att ta ver ordet eller fr att ge terkoppling. I detta sammanhang kan det vara p sin plats att nmna att det ofta r svrt att avgra om ett yttrande r en tur eller en terkoppling.H  0χg ? 330 aYP(  F  ,   k c $؀ ?   ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica Om man gr till litteraturen finns en mngd olika akustiska, visella och strukturella egenskaper omnmda som viktiga fr interaktionskontrollen. Det hr r de vanligast frekommande dragen. I dialogsystems- och taligenknningssammanhang (som r i fokus i vr underskning) har dock huvudsakligen ett av dessa drag anvnts, nmligen tystnader eller tysta pauser. S drfr ska vi prata lite mer om tysnader... efter att ni lyssnat p ett exempel ur det material vi jobbat med.H  0χg ? 330 RJp(       ^F  ,   \ c $l ?   ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica Dagens dialogsystem anvnder sig av tystnad. De kommersiella systemen likvl som de allra flesta forskningssystemen anvnder tystnad. Alla dom hr frkortningarna som man stter p i dialogsystems- och taligenknningssammanhang (voice activity detection, speech activity detection, end of utterance, end of speech, end point detection) r i grund och botten tystnadsdurationstrsklar. Dom trskelvrden som brukar anvndas ligger mellan 500 ms och 2 sekunder. H  0χg ? 33m0 -%(  F  ,   7 c $$ ?   ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica Som ni sg i exemplet nyss pauserar mnniskor dremot svl nr de r frdiga som mitt i yttranden, t ex vid tvekningar. Dom hr pauserna r ofta lngre n 2 sekunder.H  0χg ? 33U 0  (  F  ,    c $3 ?   ___PPTMac11 ,namd$ Helvetica S vad hnder om en mnniska kommer och beter sig mnskligt (och pauserar inom yttranden) nr han eller hon pratar med ett dialogsystem som anvnder sig av tystnadstrsklar? Dels fr hon lnga responstider - 2 sekunder r en vldigt lng tid i vissa sammanhang, t ex om man vntar p ett hej som svar p ett hej... Men det slutar inte dr, anvndarna lper dessutom risk att bli avbrutna, eller hur?H  0χg ? 33@0 0(  F  ,     c $} ?   ___PPTMac11 0namd( Lucida Grande xA few words about where we expect the study of prosody-and-turn-taking to be in 5 or 10 years, and how we can get there.yyH  0χg ? 330 ((  ^  S ,     c $     H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.pi8 0 ((  ^  S ,   2  c $ 52   2  H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m80 ((  ^  S ,   2  c $<2   2  H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0 ((  ^  S ,   2  c $B2   2  H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m80 ((  ^  S ,   2  c $I2   2  H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m8 0  ((  ^  S ,   2  c $K2   2  H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m80 0((  ^  S ,   2  c $T2   2  H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m80 @ ((   ^   S ,   2   c $Z2   2  H   0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m80 P((  ^  S ,   2  c $U2   2  H  0χg ? 3380___PPT10.`m8r@ǁW S!%+}04_9>BWGLQZCdmw;3ۧa7k[Fox})1 'A.0DY1gi<+CcÕ#CXcJ1  !"#$%&'()*,Oh+'0 px ,8D X d p|/nailon/ software for online analysis of prosody Interspeech 2006 special session: The prosody of turn-taking and dialog acts September 20, 2006 Jens Edlund2@0@@-