Towards a Computational Model of Performance Expression: The GERM Model
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Patrik N. Juslin*, Anders Friberg+, & Roberto Bresin+
Abstract This paper presents a computational model of expression in music performance-The GERM model. The purpose of
the GERM model is to (a) describe the principal sources of variability in musical performance, (b) emphasize the
need to integrate different aspects of music performance into a common model, and (c) provide some preliminaries
(germ = a basis from which a thing may develop) for a computational model that simulates the different aspects.
Drawing on previous research on performance, the authors propose that expression in performance derives from four
primary sources of variability, namely (1) Generative Rules that function to convey the musical structure in an
appropriate manner (e.g., Clarke, 1988; Friberg, 1995; Palmer, 1989); (2) Emotional Expression governed by the
performer's expressive intention (e.g., Juslin, 1997); (3) Random Fluctuations reflecting internal timekeeper variance
and motor variance (e.g., Shaffer, 1982; Wing & Kristofferson, 1973); and (4) Movement Principles dictating
that particular aspects of the performance should be shaped in accordance with biological motion (e.g., Friberg
& Sundberg, 1999; Shove & Repp, 1995). A preliminary version of the GERM model was implemented by means
of computer synthesis. Synthesized performances were recorded and evaluated in listening tests. The results from
these preliminary listening tests are presented, and implications for future research are discussed. |
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Roberto Bresin | Music Performance | Music Group staff | Music Acoustics | SE dictionary | MidiShare |
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